Glyphosate, Paraquat, iyo Glufosinate-ammonium waa seddexda herbicidal ee ugu weyn. Mid kastaa wuxuu leeyahay astaamo iyo faa'iidooyin u gaar ah. Ku dhawaad dhammaan beeralayda ayaa sheegi kara qaar yar oo iyaga ka mid ah, laakiin koobab kooban oo dhammaystiran iyo soo koobid ayaa weli naadir ah. Way mudan yihiin in la soo koobo wayna fududahay in la xafido.
Glyphosate
Glyphosate waa nooca organophosphorus-nooca hab-dhaqan qaabaysan qaab-dhismeedka ballaadhan, biocidal, sunta sunta yar. Waxay inta badan ka hortagtaa enolacetyl shikimate phosphate synthase ee dhirta, taas oo ka hortagaysa beddelka shikidomin ee phenylalanine iyo tyrosine. Iyo beddelka tryptophan, kaas oo farageliya isku-dhafka borotiinka oo keena dhimashada dhirta. Glyphosate waxay leedahay hab-dhaqan habaysan oo aad u xooggan. Ma aha oo kaliya in la nuugo oo loo gudbiyo qaybaha dhulka hoostiisa iyada oo loo marayo afkoda iyo caleemaha, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa lagu kala qaadi karaa inta u dhaxaysa beeralayda kala duwan ee dhirta isku midka ah. Waxay saameyn dil xooggan ku leedahay unugyada dhulka hoostiisa ah ee haramaha xididdada dheer ee sannadlaha ah waxayna gaari kartaa mool aan mashiinnada beeraha caadiga ah gaari karin. Ka dib marka la galo ciidda, daroogadu waxay si dhakhso ah isugu darsataa birta, aluminium iyo birta kale waxayna lumisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa. Ma laha wax saameyn xun ku leh abuurka iyo microorganisms ee ciidda waxayna u badbaado cadawga dabiiciga ah iyo noolaha faa'iidada leh.
Glyphosate waxay ku habboon tahay jarista dhirta sida tufaaxa, isteroberi, iyo liinta, iyo sidoo kale geedaha miraha, beeraha suufka, galleyda aan la tagin, bariiska si toos ah loo beeray, beero caag ah, dhul jeexan, waddooyinka, iwm. si wax ku ool ah u xakameeyo cawska sannadlaha ah iyo kan daa'imka ah, cawska iyo cawska fidsan. Qaar ka mid ah haramaha aadka u adkaysta ee Liliaceae, Convolvulaceae iyo Leguminosae, kaliya kordhinta qiyaasta ayaa si wax ku ool ah loo xakameyn karaa.
Paraquat
Paraquat waa fal-dambiyeed dilaa ah oo si degdeg ah u dhaq-dhaqaaqa taas oo saameyn xoog leh ku leh unugyada cagaaran ee dhirta. Caleenta haramaha waxay bilaabi doontaa inay dhaawacdo oo midab yeelato 2-3 saacadood ka dib marka herbicide la mariyo. Daroogadu ma laha wax saameyn ah oo habaysan waxayna dhaawici kartaa oo kaliya goobta codsiga, laakiin ma dhaawici karto xididada dhirta iyo miraha ku qarsoon ciidda. Sidaa darteed, haramaha ayaa dib u soo kabanaya codsiga ka dib. Ma geli karo jilif hoosaysa. Marka ciidda la taabto, waa la isku milmi doonaa oo la dhaafi doonaa. Paraquat waa mid aad loo jecel yahay sababtoo ah faa'iidooyinkeeda sida saameyn degdeg ah, caabbinta nabaad-guurka roobka, iyo waxqabadka qiimaha sare leh. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa sun aad u daran oo aad u dhib badan dadka iyo xoolaha. Marka la sumeeyo, ma jirto dawo gaar ah.
Glufosinate-ammonium
1. Waxay leedahay noocyo kala duwan oo dhir-dhimista. Caws badan ayaa u nugul Glufosinate-ammonium. Cawskan waxaa ka mid ah: cowgrass, bluegrass, sedge, bermudagrass, cawska barnyard, galley, cawska bariiska, seejin qaab gaar ah, crabgrass, licorice duurjoogta ah, ur been ah, cawska galleyda, cawska ubaxa roughleaf, cawska duulaya, amaranth duurjoogta ah, sedge, cawska lotus godan (cawska kacaanka), chickweed, dukhsiga yar, soddohda, faraska amaranth, Brachiaria, Viola, beer bindweed, Polygonum, kiishad adhijir, chicory, plantain, ranunculus, neefta ilmaha, Senecio Yurub, iwm.
2. Sifooyin waxqabad oo heersare ah. Glufosinate-ammonium uma baahna wax roob ah 6 saacadood ka dib buufinta si loo kordhiyo waxtarkeeda. Xaaladaha gudaha, sababtoo ah waxaa hoos u dhigi kara noolaha ciidda, nidaamka xididku ma nuugi karo ama ma nuugi karo wax yar. Caleemaha iyo caleemaha ka dib daaweynta, caleemaha si dhakhso ah u koraan phytotoxicity, sidaas darteed xaddidaya conduction Glufosinate-ammonium ee phloem iyo xylem. Heerkulka sare, huurka sare, iyo xoogga iftiinka sare waxay kor u qaadaan nuugista Glufosinate-ammonium waxayna si weyn u kordhiyaan dhaqdhaqaaqa. Ku darista 5% (W/V) ammonium sulfate ee xalka buufinta waxay kor u qaadi kartaa nuugista Glufosinate-ammonium waxayna si wax ku ool ah u wanaajisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa Glufosinate-ammonium ee xaaladaha heerkulka hooseeya. Dareenka taxanaha dhirta ee Glufosinate-ammonium waxay la xiriirtaa nuugista herbicides, sidaa darteed ammonium sulfate waxay leedahay saameyn isku mid ah oo aad u weyn oo ku saabsan haramaha leh dareen hoose.
3. Deegaan ahaan badbaado leh, Glufosinate-ammonium waxa si degdeg ah u xaalufiyay noolaha yar ee ku jira ciidda, oo caadadiisu inteeda badan kama badna 15 cm. Biyaha carrada ee la heli karo waxay saameeyaan adsorka iyo xaalufka, waxayna ugu dambeyntii sii daayaan kaarboon laba ogsaydh. Wax hadhaaga ah lagama helin goosashada dalagga, nolosha badhkuna waa 3-7 maalmood. 32 maalmood ka dib daaweynta stem iyo caleen, oo ku saabsan 10% -20% xeryahooda iyo alaabta xaalufka ayaa hadhay ciidda, iyo by 295 maalmood, heerka haraaga ahaa ku dhawaad 0. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo badbaadada deegaanka, gaaban nolosha nus iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa liidata. Ciiddu waxay ka dhigtaa Glufosinate-ammonium sidoo kale waxay ku habboon tahay jarista kaynta.
4. Rajo ballaadhan. Maadaama Glufosinate-ammonium ay leedahay dhirbaaxo ballaaran oo dhirbaaxo ah, si degdeg ah u xaalufisay deegaanka oo ay ku yar tahay sunta noolaha aan bartilmaameedka ahayn, waxay muhiimad weyn leedahay in loo isticmaalo sidii herbicide-ka-soo-baxa xulashada ee beeraha dalagga. Tignoolajiyada bioengineering Tani waxay ku siinaysaa suurtogalnimada. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, Glufosinate-ammonium waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta labaad ee Glyphosate ee cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta dalagyada u adkeysiga dhirta. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, dalagyada Glufosinate-ammonium u adkeysiga hidde ahaan wax laga beddelay waxaa ka mid ah kufsiga, galleyda, soybean, suufka, dabocase sonkorta, bariiska, barley, sarreenka, galley, baradhada, bariiska, iwm. Shaki kuma jiro in Glufosinate-ammonium ay leedahay suuq ganacsi oo weyn. Marka loo eego xogta kale, Glufosinate-ammonium waxay ka hortagi kartaa oo xakamayn kartaa caabuqa galleyda bariiska waxayna yareyn kartaa gumeysiga ay soo saarto. Waxay leedahay firfircooni sare oo ka dhan ah fungi kuwaas oo keena caabuqa galka, sclerotinia iyo pythium wilt, waxayna ka hortagi kartaa oo daweyn kartaa isku mar. haramaha iyo cudurada fangas ee dalagyada transgenic Glufosinate-ammonium. Ku buufinta qiyaasta caadiga ah ee Glufosinate-ammonium ee beeraha soybean transgenic ee Glufosinate-ammonium u adkaysta waxay leedahay saamayn xaddidan oo ku saabsan bakteeriyada soybean Pseudomonas infestans waxayna joojin kartaa ama dib u dhigi kartaa koritaanka bakteeriyada. Sababtoo ah Glufosinate-ammonium waxay leedahay sifooyinka firfircoonida sare, nuugista wanaagsan, spectrum herbicidal ballaaran, sunta hoose, iyo waafaqid deegaanka wanaagsan, waa dhir kale oo heer sare ah ka dib Glyphosate.
Waqtiga boostada: Febraayo-26-2024
